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Message: <blockquote data-quote="sakuraguy" data-source="post: 1645545" data-attributes="member: 6441">Tone groupsEnglish is an intonation language. This means that the pitch of the voice is used syntactically, for example, to convey surprise and irony, or to change a statement into a question.In English, intonation patterns are on groups of words, which are called tone groups, tone units, intonation groups or sense groups. Tone groups are said on a single breath and, as a consequence, are of limited length, more often being on average five words long or lasting roughly two seconds. The structure of tone groups can have a crucial impact on the meaning of what is said. For example:-/duː juː niːd ˈɛnɪˌθɪŋ/ Do you need anything? -/aɪ dəʊnt | nəʊ/ I don't, no -/aɪ dəʊnt nəʊ/ I don't know (contracted to, for example, -/aɪ dəʊnəʊ/ I dunno in fast or colloquial speech which deemphasises the pause between don't and know even further) Characteristics of intonation (stress accent)English is a stress-timed language, i.e., certain syllables in each multi-syllablic word get a relative prominence/loudness during pronunciation while the others do not. The former kind of syllables are said to be accentuated/stressed and the latter are unaccentuated/unstressed. All good dictionaries of English mark the accentuated syllable(s) by either placing an apostrophe-like ( ˈ ) sign either before (as in IPA, Oxford dictionary) or after (as in Webster's dictionary) the syllable where the stress accent falls. In general, for a two-syllable word in English, it can be broadly said that if it is a noun or an adjective, the first syllable is accentuated; but if it is a verb, the second syllable is accentuated.Hence in a sentence, each tone group can be subdivided into syllables, which can either be stressed (strong) or unstressed (weak). The stressed syllable is called the nuclear syllable. For example:That | was | the | best | thing | you | could | have | done! Here, all syllables are unstressed, except the syllables/words "best" and "done", which are stressed. "Best" is stressed harder and, therefore, is the nuclear syllable.The nuclear syllable carries the main point the speaker wishes to make. For example:John hadn't stolen that money. (... Someone else had.) John hadn't stolen that money. (... You said he had.) John hadn't stolen that money. (... He was given the money.) John hadn't stolen that money. (... He had stolen some other money.) John hadn't stolen that money. (... He stole something else.) AlsoI didn't tell her that. (... Someone else told her.) I didn't tell her that. (... You said I did.) I didn't tell her that. (... I didn't say it; she could have inferred it, etc.) I didn't tell her that. (... I told someone else.) I didn't tell her that. (... I told her something else.) The nuclear syllable is spoken louder than all the others and has a characteristic change of pitch. The changes of pitch most commonly encountered in English are the rising pitch and the falling pitch, although the fall-rising pitch and/or the rise-falling pitch are sometimes used. For example:When do you want to be paid? Nów? (Rising pitch. In this case, it denotes a question: can I be paid now?) Nòw (Falling pitch. In this case, it denotes a statement: I choose to be paid now.)</blockquote>

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